Microwave antennas convert electrical signals into electromagnetic waves (and vice versa) using precision-engineered structures. Their operation hinges on three core principles:
1. Electromagnetic Wave Transformation
Transmit Mode:
RF signals from a transmitter travel via antenna connector types (e.g., SMA, N-type) to the feed point. The antenna’s conductive elements (horns/dipoles) shape the waves into directional beams.
Receive Mode:
Incident EM waves induce currents in the antenna, converted back to electrical signals for the receiver
2. Directivity & Radiation Control
Antenna directivity quantifies beam focus. A high-directivity antenna (e.g., horn) concentrates energy in narrow lobes, governed by:
Directivity (dBi) ≈ 10 log₁₀(4πA/λ²)
Where A = aperture area, λ = wavelength.
Microwave antenna products like parabolic dishes achieve >30 dBi directivity for satellite links.
3. Key Components & Their Roles
| Component | Function | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Radiating Element | Converts electrical-EM energy | Patch, dipole, slot |
| Feed Network | Guides waves with minimal loss | Waveguide, microstrip line |
| Passive Components | Enhance signal integrity | Phase shifters, polarizers |
| Connectors | Interface with transmission lines | 2.92mm (40GHz), 7/16 (High Pwr) |
4. Frequency-Specific Design
< 6 GHz: Microstrip antennas dominate for compact size.
> 18 GHz: Waveguide horns excel for low-loss performance.
Critical Factor: Impedance matching at antenna connectors prevents reflections (VSWR <1.5).
Real-World Applications:
5G Massive MIMO: Microstrip arrays with passive components for beam steering.
Radar Systems: High- directivity of antenna ensures accurate target tracking.
Satellite Comms: Parabolic reflectors achieve 99% aperture efficiency.
Conclusion: Microwave antennas rely on electromagnetic resonance, precision antenna connector types, and optimized antenna directivity to transmit/receive signals. Advanced microwave antenna products integrate passive components to minimize loss and maximize range.
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Post time: Aug-15-2025
